It proposes a typology of social enterprises, based on six social enterprise historical traditions, each representing a distinct purpose. By focusing on the social enterprise as the unit of analysis, we concentrate on the organizations in which the activity of social entrepreneurship most often occurs. Social entrepreneurship in education british council. The typology is also intended to advance the field of social enterprise by organizing these diverse approaches and strategies into a common framework. Social enterprise typology kim alter virtue ventures 2006. The university of pennsylvania commonly referred to as penn is a private university, located in philadelphia, pennsylvania, united states. Recently, the number of organizations calling themselves social enterprises has risen dramatically. Social enterprise models share a thorough overview of social enterprise and the different ways it can be categorized, including legal, organizational and ownership structures.
Social enterprise models in germany icsem working papers. Social enterprise is not a silver bullet, but it is a promising approach to fulfilling unmet needs and fostering genuinely triplebottomline organizations those simultaneously seeking profits, social impact, and environmental sustainability. However, it only seems feasible today to identify a few criteria that were most debated. Exploring how key actors active in social enterprise make sense of their location. Development of a social enterprise typology in a canadian. Economic competitiveness social enterprise contributes to help build an enterprise society in which small firms of all kinds thrive and reduce the persistent gap in growth rates between regions. Based on these assumptions, eight institutional variables were selected as the units for the proposed logical typology of social structure. A strategic perspective of social enterprise sustainability anton r. Currently documented cases do not generally extend to examples of deep placebased partnerships, or to recognition of local governments own social enterprise activities. This paper also resonates with work on the typology of social enterprises in the east asian region, bringing it more closely into contact with a different set of realities in southeast asia. Addressing social problems through social enterprise.
The purpose of this publication is to distill the concepts, trends, and best practices in social enterprise development developed through case studies into models. Typology of business, social enterprise and social. A typology of social structure and the patterning of social. Many researchers and theoreticians look to enterprising behavior as a beacon of light for.
A strategic perspective of social enterprise sustainability. For example, goodwill industries pioneered the notion of a hand up, not a handout in 1902 when they began employing the poor to mend and repair used goods that could then. Social entrepreneurship, social enterprise and the principles of a. A typology of social structure and the patterning of. Business models of social enterprises springerlink. The development and application of a typology of social. A1 glossary of terms a set of definitions for terms used frequently in relation to enabling social action a2 typology of social action. For this reason many of the examples are from latin america, however, social enterprise models are applicable worldwide.
A guide to establishing a social enterprise in the united. Alters typology ranges from a fully integrated model of social enterprise, in which the incomegenerating activity is in fact part of the mission of the organization to an external model in which the enterprise in unrelated to the mission. The entrepreneur support model of social enterprise sells business. The paper identifies and considers, for each of the traditions, its basis, central values, primary. These organizations, which are commonly referred to as social enterprises, include microfinance institutions, firms that sell fair trade products, work integration firms, and lowcost sellers of essential goods and services such as eyeglasses, bed nets, and healthcare. Professors jim thompson and ian mac macmillan help you develop both a strategy and a framework for your social enterprise based on their years of experience and expertise teaching social entrepreneurship and advising entrepreneurs.
He also presents value proposition for social enterprises. Pdf social enterprise typology updated november 27, 2007 kim. This monograph is intended to break down the traditional boundaries between the public and the private sector and between the forprofit and nonprofit institutional arrangements that color our. The typology is a work in progress, and will be updated with new. This monograph is intended to break down the traditional boundaries between the public and the. Although this research is comprehensive, you may still need a lawyer to complete the actual registering, structuring or restructuring of your organisation, but we hope this guide will help you navigate the myriad structures available to social enterprises in the us. Social enterprise typology the four lenses strategic. A typology of social enterprise models in south korea. The social model is the key element that differentiates a social enterprise from a commercial business. Alter 2004 proposes that the typology of dual value creation, or of blended value, is a. Social enterprise in the united arab emirates emerald insight. A typology of social structure and the patterning of social institutions. Fundamentals for an international typology of social.
As an example the number of organizations calling themselves social enterprises in just the uk in 2009 was about 62,000. In doing so, the typology explores how institutions have combined a mix of social values and goals with commercial business practices and how they. Social enterprise and social business 8 typology of social enterprises 9 profits with a social purpose 11 governance issues 11 why social enterprise is not a passing fad 12 uk policy on the uk policy horizon 17 examples of social enterprises based in local economies. Each form of social enterprise integrates socially rational thinking into its policies and practices. Sep 01, 2009 social entrepreneurship encompasses the activities and processes undertaken to discover, define, and exploit opportunities in order to enhance social wealth by creating new ventures or managing existing organizations in an innovative manner. In a constrained environment, social enterprise sustainability is trapped in. The typology allows us to identify similarities and differences among the broad range of individuals and organizations engaged in social entrepreneurship. Fundamental models the four lenses strategic framework. Social enterprises and local government a scoping study 5 executive summary social enterprises are organisational forms that bridge traditional sectoral categories, using. Social enterprise typology kim alter virtue ventures 20062. Social enterprises in italy by industrial sector in 2008.
Typology, diffusion and characteristics, issn 22818235 working paper n. The common characteristic of social enterprises is. Where local governments enter into formal partnerships with specific social enterprises for a defined purpose. Pdf download for a strategic perspective of social enterprise sustainability, open. The state of theory and research on social enterprises. Pdf social enterprise typology updated november 27, 2007.
A typology of the field contextualized in latin america. In doing so, the typology explores how institutions have combined a mix of social values and goals with commercial business practices and how they have come. Social enterprise typology updated november 27, 2007 kim alter. This database was collated through online research and from the intellecapaavishkaar groups wide network in the sector. The raison detre of any social enterprise is the attention of some social problem through the implementation of an initiative that seeks to address it. Spiro university of chicago aims of this study t his paper has three disparate, but related aims. Social entrepreneurship plays an increasingly important role in solving.
South korea is an interesting case study as it is probably one of the countries which went the farthest in the. A generic business model of a social enterprise is subsequently proposed. Pdf purpose the purpose of this paper is to address the lack of conceptualisation within the emerging field of social enterprise, the aim is to. The role of social enterprise and hybrid organizations. Social enterprises often emerge when people affected by a problem decide to find economic solutions by themselves. A proposed social enterprise typology, based on different social enterprise. In this section, you will find the following tools. Social enterprise typology kim alter virtue ventures. Nov 06, 2017 although the uae offers a taxfree environment, the lack of a legal and regulatory system conducive to social enterprises seems to hamper the opportunities for them to develop and scale up. Social enterprise typology, kim alter 2007 2 for the purposes of this paper, we use the phrase social impact to denote positive change in society. May 19, 2018 creative social enterprise business model ideas. This typology breaks down the traditional boundaries between the nonprofit and private sectors and draws definition to this new institutional animalpart businesspart social the social enterprise. Introduction the contemporary, more popularized phase of social entrepreneurship began in the 1980s and resulted in a proliferation of the social enterprise ecosystem, creating an industry replete. Apr 21, 2017 the paper contends that social enterprise sustainability is grounded in understanding the impact of contextual, organisational and individual spheres that correspond to three strategic exante enablers.
Social entrepreneurship is defined as a theoretical and practical paradigm based on a specific. The purpose of this publication is to distill the concepts, trends, and best practices in social enterprise development developed through case studies into models and guidelines for building new partnerships that will revolutionize the field in the decade to come. There are examples of social enterprise that are more than 100 years old, but social enterprise is relatively new as a growing sector of activity in the u. Your social model forms an essential component of your business model and helps link your mission, what we do, to your vision, why we do it.
Examining the motivations for social entrepreneurship in. This section introduces what social action is and explains how the public sector can grow it and harness its potential to improve outcomes. If your customers limited ability to pay is limiting your impact, take a look at these examples. Social enterprise in the united arab emirates emerald. The purpose of this typology is to elaborate the rich mosaic of highly differentiated and creative examples of social enterprise, and by doing so, to inspire innovative approaches to create greater value for people and the planet. An anticipation of such concepts, as part of corporate social responsibility, appear in a publication that appeared in 1968 by the italian economist giancarlo pallavicini, creator of the decomposition method of the parameters to calculate the results are not directly economic activity of enterprise, regarding ethical issues, moral, social. Fundamentals for an international typology of social enterprise models. It explores the dynamics of an entirely new institutional entity, the social enterprise, and the role it is playing in the.
Social enterprise typology social enterprise alliance. In recognition that a very large variety of different types of social enterprises exist and that social enterprises are multidimensional. Webers typology in the context of social entrepreneurship in tourism. Development of a social enterprise typology in a canadian context abstract in an attempt to pursue the development of theory in the field of social entrepreneurship, the purpose of this paper is to present the development and assessment of a typology of canadian social enterprises. Social innovation and social enterprise session title social enterprises in changing welfare states abstract this panel proposal is based on papers derived from country contributions to the international comparative social enterprise models icsem project launched in july 20. Typology of business, social enterprise and social innovation. Youll learn how to define a social problem, understand contextual realities, develop a solution, and plan. In recent years, the notion of social entrepreneurship and its manifest linkage. Development of a social enterprise typology in a canadian context. The typology is a work in progress, and will be updated with new models, examples, and case studies. May 22, 2009 the purpose of this paper is to address the lack of conceptualisation within the emerging field of social enterprise, the aim is to contribute to a better understanding of process effectiveness and potential. A member of the ivy league, penn is the fourtholdest institution of higher education in the united states, and considers itself to be the first university in the united states with both undergraduate and graduate studies. A thorough overview of social enterprise and the different ways it can be categorized, including legal, organizational and ownership. A1 glossary of terms a set of definitions for terms used frequently in relation to enabling social action a2 typology of social.
Towards that end the paper begins by examining and addressing the definitional 8 impasse by proposing a definition that is clear and meaningful as a foundation for the development of a social enterprise typology. Italian social enterprises are not a new topic in literature. A typology of social enterprise models in south korea eric bidet, le mans university hyungsik eum, liege university jieun ryu, warwick university introduction social enterprise has been a rising research object for 20 years. Apr 10, 2012 embedded social enterprise social aim or mission is wholly entrenched in business activities of venture mission and enterprise activities are the same, business activities are embedded within organisations function and social program and is fundamentally central to mission. It is the pressing need for more conceptual clarity haugh, 2005. The paper has been formulated through engagement with social enterprises in cambodia since. Grassl 2012 also prepares typology, where he describes mission orientation, type of integration and target market, see more details in the recommended resources section see figure micro typology of social enterprises. Additionally, they provide a rough typology for interpreting, analysing. Social enterprise typology updated november 27, 2007 kim alter virtue ventures llc. The icsem project is a worldwide research project aiming to compare social enterprise models across countries. The paper concludes by developing a framework and typology that theorises social enterprise as a heterogeneous business movement. Fundamentals for an international typology of social enterprise models jacques defourny1 marthe nyssens2 published online. Instead of developing a precise enterprise ontology, the less formalistic approach of design thinking is used, which leads to a typology of social enterprise. Pdf development of a social enterprise typology in a canadian.
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